FR5SJARJAR Mike Mooney# J.4KXͰc\CG ,aSv lF EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial 16 CHAPTER 2 .   ''0099BBKKTT]]uy  ,, j2z 4cation. If Sarah succeeds in cheating, she would appear more qualified in( relation to other students than she really is, and thus unfairly improve her( competitive advantage with them. Her position would be similar to that of( someone who had bought something with counterfeit money.JMJ9$:%(:*C:*C:F$Z:\$t:w3}9}::9::$9%:% :&:&8:8%G;G&_:a%r:t%:%:%:;%;;;& ; %;%/;0H;K%\;^&p;r";;&;&G5B%<&<;'<%$;$'D;E&Z<['s;s~<<<'<&G'F&;&;&";"%3;3&W;Y%n;o%:$:$:$E%9$99999#,8/C8CU:U_8a"x7a"x7XnX'n)L4n6YGnIMbnIMbneXzn|XmVnVmXnXnXnVnMnY(n)Y:n:YInIYWoYVhnhZ~nMoYnYnVoYoVoVoLoZ*o+ZDnDYSnSYaocMzo|YoYoZoZoZoNoNo[{OpOp Z.p2i8w8YJpJ[\p\[spvNpNpWpMp[pZpYoZoZ(o(M9o6ZHoIOToUZfofMrorYzNnNnXnXyXmXmXlW-m-J=n=JTlVWgliWzliWzl-/STjm+,=?VWfgx{""9:MNrv{{#&/2J2JMac{{  !33BBPR^^ &(9;IIWWkn~~n~~+-QSdg}~*,=?UUccx{@CTVee}}%%79MOfg~ #8:PSdd}{{xG:JJz{nM~~J8~5x L4Surely it's in everyone's best interest for employers and universities to( hire or admit the best qualified people. Better qualified employees are like( ly to do better work. Their employers will benefit, and so will those who( buy the employers' product or service. Similarly, if universities admit the( most qualified students, these students can be expected to do better work.( This means that eventually we all benefit from having better trained people.( Thus, everyone in society is hurt by cheating.JNGM/Sg j         ""< <M M^ _t v         1 4E GU Wf fv v         " 5 7FFXXik     & &7 8P Rf fx x          #  # &7 9G GX Xf g{ g{ @*@+*<@>*O@O)_@_)t@v*@*@*@@*@@(@( @ (@0A1+C@CR@RgAj+{@}+A(A(A+M,A,AA AAA+1A4IAIWAW,mMp+A,A,MA+A;A A B ,A)*B+)9B:,KBM-]B]*kBk,M-B-BB!B B B,A A A+*A,+PAP+gLis@v+@+L*@*@*?*@*?) ? )?,@,6>7B?DZ>Z(l>n0|5n0|5Rt`**[:u:[GuH_]u]RpupRt_tRuRt_t\t]u` u `u`+u+`KuL``vc`sutSuouTuTuSv`vUu`u`#u#`5v6`Zv[aqsT~v`va`vavav`vavVvT(v)T4v4TDvDUZw]anwpavawTwTw^wp~`v`va vS#v#S5v5`CvE`ZuZ`kuk`uTtRtRtRu\tRt^t^ t^ t ^0u0^PsOPgsh]~sh]~s !77NN__ll45FIXYgkrr **?AQQccqt!"EEQS]`qr#"9:KN^_moz||%'55FFTTjm~m~ -/EGTVeeuu$$24CCY[pr"%66HHUXhh}//>>TWhhyy**89MM``tw  88MO_`wy~y~ +,EEPR``mm%'55AARRhiz|&(::GGXYefqq}}  ')>?ccmm  !/0>?PRccoo}}&)=?UWaduy y  $-F-$EFF1]E^0lFq?wMw0G0E1E0E1E1Q1F1G1,G,&:G:&EFF1]F]1lGl1zG}1G1F&G1F.F2R'G'G1G%"G"%9G92QGS2cGd/rGr$G$H3S2G2G%G2H2 G '%G '%G'2>GA3VSXB^HXB^HS{ J|M@NP~uJ ~L ~K M $^SG.S,4@The arguments presented demonstrate the use of the greatest goodAA AVYz{zWzeze{e{dzef { f2{4fE|Gf^{`cn{nf|{|f{ff{f|f|f{c | c|f.|2YG|GY^|^Ys|vf|g|g|g|f}d}g |g }"d0|1gB|BdY|Ydg}gZ~}g}f|g|g|f|f|f|Y!|!Y2{2c@{@YW{Zek{ke{efzezezazdydzaza({(c>>dSyVcjymVxmVxA@@@@VV{@VVv4Lprinciple: in short, cheating ultimately undermines society's ability to useMMM "$45@AY[moy{+-BDTVcell ..FGRSlSln+-ADUWgh !!-0ADQQhhon||!"77HH_`nqqMLLLL L v4Jhuman resources efficiently. When that happens, everyone is worse off. CanKKK %%<>actv!$57EESSdfwtt  MMehy{  34KN_`xz25FFRR]_llxx&&%++::WZkmmKJJJJ J %4  H- you think of other examples in which everyone suffers when some peopleIGI^p p  ""#7:PPaaoo..EGXZjj{{#""33>@WWgg!$44J$K_`x{%%EF]`pr  !"37KMb doqqIHHH  F^$H^$4Echeat? Are there any cases in which cheating is genuinely victimless?FFF5K!(8K:5LJO5`Kb2qJr*J*K*K5J5K2K2K)K6L6+K,6>L>6MLM6_L`6wLv7W6L6L6L6L6L6L+L+ L 7'L'64K47TKS*lLl+wLy6L*L*L7L*L7L7L4L,L78L97OYO,ZMZ,fMg6uMu6M7X7M7L7L+L7L7L)#L"7;W;6DKD7[KZ+dKh5zK{*J{*J5J(J4J4J4J( I( IFEEEE( YKE( Y<wJ4|p^i< Applying the principle of the greatest good usually requires that we( make some assumptions about the consequences of our actions. These( assumptions may be arguable. In this case, our argument assumes that( grades are a reasonable measure of the ability to perform on a job or to prof( it from further education. Are they? If these assumptions are incorrect, isjECEOLj|p^]XX]ywjj]j^ijhh%%^;>kPPkddkz|_|_kk_k]k  kk36^FF^VVhee]|kkkkkkhkk&(i66iKKl`akuxk__lklk  ^^#$k;;jMMj]`jqtij^iihee~[~h0}1e?}?eRRhp}rg}rg}24EG]^oo #12JJmn  "%:;SSbbyy 04IJ_btu./HHXXpp45KN_aorr!#13ABZ[~+.??UUkk+-7:KPUUnn~~-.<?PSZZtt@CTUmo}}%%>>KKbdvww'&'78JLaduw)+8<PRik} 45FHYYff{}(*88N(NXXeg{{)**?AXXddvv&''=%?NQdgxu u /P7*P*-:P:-KOH:XOZ:oPq:O-P-O:O:O7O.P;P;'P':9P9:KPM.bPc;{P|;P;P0P0P;Q;QJP/P/'P';7P9;JQJ8\Q\8kQk.Q;Q<\0P0P0Q/Q/Q9 Q /"Q%;6Q9<FQI<ZQZ;mQm<~Q<Q<Q<Q<Q<\0 P0 P;%P';>P@;MPM:`P`:qOr:O9O.P.O9O9N9N9N9N8+M.8?M@4NMPGWTW-iPi-sMu8Mu8MjiiiiX[GCE)O-\PK[\}4 _" cheating acceptable? bfbn"#a;=mNQncec}ec}nnnnnoo o"l01oBCbY[behoz}ddddddd    _a a ?vI4Another assumption in these arguments is that what is learned is a kind( of commodity something that has economic value and that can be( exchanged or used to get other valued things. Is this how you think of your( education? Are you a student primarily because you believe that education( has economic benefits? What other reasons might there be for getting an( education? (See Chapter 8.) In these other views of the purpose of learning,( is cheating still harmful? For whom? H 2LJH1%Zzz#&45MMqr  8:KN\_pp  "#11@@MMXZhhww%%00;=KKYYdfwz''55JJUUmoo&(99SSdg|~ ''RS`cxy22AAY[ln||.0GI]`  ==NOgj~~&'>>[[pss $ % 9 : L Ld f w x   +   ! " " ! ,!- ;!> O!Rg!gv!v ! ! ! - " ! ! ! ",!. ?"B R!R ]!] s!s "" " """ " " " -"/ E.F S#W]"]l"l|"} # " """ "!! " 8!8 C!C Z,Z o!q  !!   ! **1!1 H*I ]^ uww?$U'2;U=@UUV?gUi?{U}3U}3U?U?T3T3V3VAV@)V)@6V6AOaO@cVdA{V{@VAV@V@W=VAV3V@VA'V)=7V7=DVDAZb\5wV\5wVyAVAWAW6V4VAb4W4WA)W+A=W?BPWQBgWiAwWzBX@XBbAWBW4V4V@V3$V%50V3@DVD@ZV[?mVm<}V}<U1U?U<T<V>T1T?T>)T+>=S>2VS>2VSY=mSn=Sn=Sf)+t<>tLLt^^tpstttttjuh!!h7:uKMudfuwzizirvjiihv/2r@@rPPuegsvviuvuuvvv  v!#v<=vJJu[[vkvfssshuu%'u88hIIh_btssggttsssqpgs68rMMr^^sooror$(<=UWhj{}}  !22AA^ax{  //HHUUccz}##--DCNPac+-CDUUkn*+BCMNeh}--<<MOfhz}((66MP`crs,,88XYosZH?.!L1bVJfHM$AtM43Suppose that the course in which Sarah cheated was unrelated to her( engineering major and her intended profession, such as a literature course.( Could Sarah argue that it was acceptable for her to cheat in this course( because her knowledge of literature has nothing to do with her profession( al credentials?4DLIK4`t&v&12&&' ' (0'2C(ES(Sd'dq'q''''(('(&(&8(8B(D[([k(k(((((()()(*<(=T(Tf(fx)y)))(((("(#5(6C(CV'Vm'm'&&&&&&&' $%&:%:K'Kc%ev$x$x$E%Z&E>Z@DVfU9`ZaEz[|DZDZEZ9ZEZEfE\F!\#E5[5;>fBFW[YFi[iEx[xF\F\9[9[9\F\G\;\;\G6\8CF\HFY\ZGr\u9\G\:]:]GhG\G]:]G%]&G5]7GE]G<Q]TGi]jG]WdE]G]H\G\:]:\G\F\E.\.F?\?9M[M9W[Y:d[gCt\vE[EZEZBZEZEZDZD[DZD/Z0DGYHDXYYCgYjC{YRXRXm15yJJzbclnpllmzyymmz&(z9:zRQ{fhzzzxxm{xooxx{67{IJ{XXzmm{{{{{y{n  n{,,oAAoQN|ce|vvoo|{xx{z{#$n;=zNQzbdxssooywwlmyxx#%x:;xRSxcdwruwuw(+<?PRde|~')=>^^jk}  (*;=MO`crr14BB\\de}0/:<JJbbnn )+:<EH^_vyy$&00??QRcdvz  43333`2'D9h[LlIK@wL4 Using the community principle is another way to examine why cheating( is wrong. Colleges and universities are not simply employment agencies;( they are places where ideas are important, and where, ideally, new knowl( edge is sought and ideas are debated and evaluated. Honesty is absolutely( central to this pursuit. Any form of intellectual dishonesty is thus damaging( to an academic community. Professor Bloom believes that cheating violates( the academic community's central commitment to intellectual honesty. Is( he right? 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For example, consider professors'JK^               " $ . 1 F F S S ] ^ i k } z                     ) * B B P P a a o o                   $ $ 0 0 G G ^ ^ j j                     * , : : F F X Z n p                   ) ) @ C P P [ [ p q  q   ! ! 9 < M M ] ] h i                     + + ; ; S T i k                     * ) 8 8 I I l n                 / 1 E G X X h h y y                 + - B C \ \ k m x z                 $ ' 5 6 D H \ ^ n o }     ^  J  J  *    :     \ ` \ ` j^ b  uFR5S