FR5SJARJAR Mike Mooney`ᚇoj/ jrCGU - ,&\ mP|zx:EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArialoCIT30 Figure 5.10 This chart focuses on inferences in thinking. It( is useful in understanding the intellectual standards to( be applied to inferences and in differentiating between( the use of inferences in thinking by skilled and unskilled( reasoners. 6"6"16"96"86#;6" 6#2b6c6c4GeG4ddc5pdsBqCeCdCe8e8e&Y1f=9LeY9yfy7e7e5f 7gE7f7CJfJDfgi6fDgDf;f3e3eB&e(ADdGAgdjAdAcBdBeBdBd4&e&48e6BYdT2spmCdCdBeBeDfDeD.e.5@e@5RePCsfs:e:e3e3eBe2d3#d"BEdABhqjXudu4e4d8d8dG|TXrr|  +0}==}[[hm~7:PRlp|~ +.RRiiz||-1OS|`e{sw|%%|BB\`x{| {@C^^zzGgk "/4SUuu75TXnn..JOos"03LJb`~ ),CHU[|QQnqF]@a?A@@@@/@/PARkAk{A{AA@A@A"CAH cAfAA@@@@A??ER?Ww>} ?>?L@(?(OJO_@_x?}??????.@.KAPo@uA@@@@8?;H>N\?ao?s?@@Fe^^f|fgggg&*g?@g[_~l_~l2qeAGz9G8F L@;Fel 2INFERENCE AND INTERPRETATION04VZvz'+LMmm +)HHTXy|| 4k(All reasoning contains inferences from which we draw conclusions( and give meaning to data and situations.)lB*l*U*L(L)L)M4L4M4%M(48M:4PMT5hMl+sMw5M4W4N4N5N5M0N5M,"N&5:M>5NNN,`M`,gMk5M)N5M4M4M4M4M4 L 3M(-M-(;L:3GKH3^Lb3L3M3K(K)J2K'K' M 2/K/2BKB'RMR'gJk3wJx2K2K2M2L3L3K2L(L 45M84IML)TLW4mMp4L3M3Mik__jajj++h<<j\_jrtjjajiddh^!!^59hJMc\^hooggh]]h_bgg*,b:>^DHg^ahuxgy__lkkkk'WMB])'](5yPrimary standards: (I) clarity, (2) logicalness, (3) justifiability, (4) profundity, (5) reasonabili-( ty, (6) consistencyz    z  66BBUXef~ %%2:AIVVggy|!!33:>TUlltw  *,?ANN[[hl $&<9@@RRa`ww %)03BBYV^^pp}-1DF\`fjqv}$%%+,BEZ]nqy|&&zyyyyf&&B96rCommon problems: (I) unclear, (2) illogical, (3) unjustified, (4) superficial, (5) unreasonable,( (6) contradictorys    sLnUnVnVnV,n/VEnEVToTVowpWnWoLoLoWpWoWo XpN%p%N3z;QApIOWzWOhqhX{qXpWqMpXqXqXqjtOtOzQ'q)N7z7NIrINPrTM\p`MgqkXqXzNpXqWpMpiuMuMzOpN'y'N9p9WLpRWeoeLrwvVoVnPoLnKnMoVnJnhrKrK'w%N;s<LJwJL\o\UlnpVoVwUoVnJoLnVpLnV oKni"s"M3s3MByBNVpXMgygMxpxWpWpWoWpWpWoV pW"o'V8o<KRpUK\o`Vrpui}tui}t "13AATWkpwysrrrrJ}zoaJ}X4fPrinciple: Reasoning can be only as sound as the inferences it makes (or the conclusions it( comes to).ggg  $%23GISSdd|~ &&33DGW\oo  )-==OO_bw{.2CCTT[`tw  $'55FFej{~  /3EEVVgi~ #33DDLP^P^,,,,,,.,0F-F T5Y%_-Y%_-gffff^\ _5, ^5D=C( ˎ $EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArialSKILLED REASONERS  %%66MN_a}g-(LL吪?=tEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArialUNSKILLED REASQNERS46=BTVgiz}('DHX\sttü*{eEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArialCRITICAL REFLECTIONS12:;TS[_wy 76OOVZy{1|}pPmlEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial3Sare clear about the inferences( they are making clearly( articulate their inferences.T5T""00@CWWkn !,+<?RSdevxx0L+K5L5S5M6L6 M 6M6,M,6IMK6\M_-qMq.yL|6M6U6M6M.M7M6M7N.M8U8Ugg~c_hh_hc!#h33dAAdNP_cfiw{`i``i_iiji j!#j25kCFzLFzLTSSSS+UM_Lg"%y 6w EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial3bare often unclear about the( inferences they are making( do not clearly articulate their( inferences.c  c)'45FJ\\ll13EHUUbbor1O8N.O9O9O8$O&98O;9LOM9_Pa9pOp3}O}3O/O8O8V7O8O8N8O7N73N67FMI.ZM[.cMf6yM{7U{7Uakjkk(*g77gDDlVXc]akqslkbkjkkfbk j"a(+i;>eJLj\\dlldx{`iaii$&9;LN_aptztzcbbbb.VN` z 1K,>AL]׭vEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanAriali3$Am I clear about the inferences I am%%%77FFNN]]npwy %%34FIZZiips!!((66GJgJg%$$$$g$g3making?6L5-M1,BLD-JLN6aLb5wTw-Lw-L,TL,T3Have I clearly articulated my`i(*h=~=hNN`]]`ee`tth_hih~_iiii  d`"$i58jIM`SVjfidvxj``jjj__3 conclusions?   #%8;LMTWjm|    NPqI~Ps|EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial3Kusually make inferences that( follow from the evidence or( reasons presented.LL       8 ;K O_ `p p          % %5 5A CU Yh kw kw =&==>&>&= > >'#=#(7>9(V>V#d>d#r?u>(?'?(?(> >?(?(?)&@')8?8'E?E(Z@\)h@\)h@ZpYpYpYpZqZpZrZ$r$[7y:ZEqEZVqXZfqj[zr}ZqVr[qQrkrkrLKKKKw h@>Qyrwy'$m~YEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial2Poften make inferences that do( not follow from the evidence( or reasons presented.QQ   ..IL\aq q        ( +9 9H HT Vi m|      *@*A%A @ @)-@0 6@9!@@C*WAX*w@w@@*@*@)@$@$@ ?)@("@")3@4(I>H O>Rd?f'x?{'>'?'>'>]t]s[s]t]t\&t*]8s;\NtQ]csg\usu[s]{]s\s]s\r\sWs\sR(r-l2s-l2sQPPPP A?R2{r{^![e$I!Z~EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial3KDo my conclusions logically follow( from the evidence and reasons( presented?L# L + +; ;V Ynny y         , 0> >L LS Ui k           + -K -K  > '<')>,'H=H!W>W!d=fy=|&=&>&=&==>'=&='>'*>*'7>7'G>K']=`s>s>'>'>'>'>'?'>'>'>ZyYp Z0q3ZApDZTqXYiplTzp|YpPqQqQqLKKKKK #?>Pyq Kywnm|SĝP:EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial3?TVhk|~$&89G9G-0BFVYlnuxBAAAAd8GdG-=s`EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial4Coften make inferences or( come to conclusions that( are unreasonable.DDrhms  rq..rKNr]airrrjjrhrqqqqq),q::qIIq\_pj_pj!!//==RR__pq''55CEXZjmymy  15@@QTdguxDCCCChjyhyLD+yg rb:-`,EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArialAre my conclusions reasonable?fo''o77nGGnceoyyoononfoog o#'o9=pJJoZZpdfovyoooopfgo  h hffe6{=$d"P v EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial3Kmake inferences or come( to conclusions that are( consistent with each other.LL` w ` w W w ` w X y X w ` w V )w &a 8x :` Gw Fa Xx Z` mx oa x a x a y a y b y a y a y b y b y b &y (c 9y (c 9y                 # 5 8 G J R S h j }                                      " % 7 : G G T T s s { }                   * - ? A S U a ` f ` f LKKKKV 9y y    f V f $FQDJeszGP  EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial3Doften make inferences or( come to conclusions that( are contradictory.EEc z Y z ^ z d { c z b .z .c Kz Mc ^z aZ sz rc z [ z [ z c z Y z c y c z b y c y b y b )z +b :y :a Iy Ia ]x _a jx _a jx        " " 0 0 = > S S ` ` q r                   ' ' 6 6 C E X [ k l z l z            . 0 B E S U a a r u                  EDDDDY j{ y  z   Y z vT1]px<P r EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial+2{Do the conclusions I come to in the( first part of my analysis seem to( contradict the conclusions that I( come to at the end?|$""|X w ` ,w ,Z :w :Z Hv JV ]v _` pw p_ }w }_ v ` w _ v _ w V v ` w _ w X w _ v a 1w 4` Cw CX Rw RX Yw YX hw ha yx z` w ` w a w [ w [ x ` w X w X w ` x [ +w +[ 9w ;W Nw P` aw P` aw      ! " 1 3 @ @ O O b c t x                     1 4 E G N P d c s v }                  #  #    $ & 9 ; I L Y Y h k ~                     ! 4 7 H J P T f i x |                   ! ! ) ! )    $ ' C F W W e e r s                     + / A D P D P |{{{{V ax w $ # " ) " P  V a R y2 YK m@  EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial33understand the assumptions( that lead to inferences.44Q h P g G g P g Q g P h K g Q *h -Q @h CG Vh VG di dM ri tH h Q h Q i R i R i R i R i R i R (q *N 7j 9K @j BR Vj YR ki mS |j mS |j   z      {  {      { - -{ < < I J ^ ^| m m| s w  {                    43333G |q i z  G | ?rwJRB!4  EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial3Bdo not seek to figure out( the assumptions that lead( to inferences.CCJ j S k S j T j T +j ,O 9k 9O Gk GT Uk WS ij jT |k J j J j N j S j I j I i K j R q S j S i S *i *R 7j 7R Li OR ah cM pi cM pi   ~        " 0 2 A E W Z w {    ~            }   & ) 6 6| F F| K N _ b p s{  s{             ( & 8 : F E W Y l m          CBBBBI pq j {    I  }5k[D> : EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial/2!Is my inference based on a faulty"""H g P g P (g (P Ef GP [m [G hg hG pf sP f E e P f O g O f O f P g O f G g G g P 2g 4P Cg EQ Vg WG jg jG yg yP g Q g P g Q h G g G g Q g Q g G g K g Q /o Q /o "!!!!E /o g !E /o 2 assumption?       $ 2 5 H L h l  ~  z      z  z    z  z  q2!How would my inference be changed"""   . . N N Z Z x x                   , . < : L N Z Y k m                    # 6 8 L L ] ^ q ^ q "!!!! q ! q ,2$if I were to base it on a different,%%%     " " ( ( 6 6 V W g k u v                     $ & 3 3 A A T X i i y y                     # & , & , %$$$$ , $ , 2more justifiable assumption? 3  42 5 A2 A T2 T b2 b h5 m 2  2  1  2  2  1  1  2  2  2  2  "3 % 43 6 F3 I [3 ^ {3  6  3  3  3  3  3  3  6 2  6 A/IYSՄD6  EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial1Critical Thinking( by Paul/Elder                   ! ! < ; Q T ] ` t w                         % $ 7 9 B C Y [ n p  p        /Lq0@  EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial0: 2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.( Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458;;           ! ! 5 5 K J a a n n                   / 1 D F O R [ ] g g v v                       . 0 B D Y [ p q z |                   . - < < K K ` d x x        ;::::      >0(H     ..6   <X 4:NX> H . 8 P X Z p. V ^v uFR5S