FR5SJARJAR Mike MooneyPwך"ㄌL!e9 sCG S ,C3bqmDEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanqT28TTTTpIuE^ДEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArialuIFigure 5.8 This chart focuses on assumptions in thinking.( It is useful in understanding the intellectual standards( to be applied to assumptions and in differentiating( between the use of assumptions in thinking by skilled( and unskilled reasoners.6#6#/6#96#46"66#6#1.>?db&&ll;>\_vu79YYtt78ZY44FF\Y|| 3/RNtuu% '? ?\ \j m      # "C GU Us s      2 4U Wo o       $E Gmm       2 6O Pp r      7 :I Ig g       * .E Ef h h '+R-1NRN"zSz"T2S1S2T 2,_/2P_S#bTf%tTx3T$U$U+U4"U"1OUO3lUp3U2T2T2S1(_*(BTE$TSX2zT}1S1S0S0S0(R+"MSM"zSz#R1R"S"S$S!-S*!CS@1`Sc1zSz2S1S)T$S2T()T-#;S@1`Sc1`c1`j58zVXppozzzzr&&r>Akbfzz|{|z|BCl]]lvv|{z{z(-zOQqjll{zzzkk y22qPPqhjjlzkmz!${JJkbbk{z{lmk+.k>Bz_ajaj04TXyy*.=APTrt"FIin: 9!`S4j6=ǩ!\14VEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArialH ASSUMPTIONS   Ff6h76554 5+4.P5Rv4w4w4    F74 F7D?reasoning is based on assumptions beliefs we take for granted.)@!@RjQjQkRkQ kR$k(I0j3SGkJRataInknIvkyRkHkHkRkSkSkGkGkR(k*S@k@PRkRRckgRwkzSkRkRjQsLjHiQjQ*j-Q>i@Yo_pDiPiEhGhPhDhPiOiOhO'h'I7i7IEhGOYh\DogpOhCiChPiPhOiOrPiP iP$i(K6i7PJiLDaifalhnF}snF}s@????C}ti?C}tVRPrimary standards: (I) clarity, (2) justifiability, (3) consistency( Common problems: (I) unclear, (2) unjustified, (3) contradictory( Principle: Reasoning can be only as sound as the assumptions it is based on.   Mh&'66NOgf%%66IJRUgkxy "&7:IKTVecko**<<NOfi}i" " # # # # $#$ ?+? Q"O e#f~## $ $ $ %%- #'-'7$7 L$P d$h z$|$ $ % $)).%-% ,%1 F$ES.W k$o %%#$# $$(( , # .,.?#? Q#R h#l "# " """ #" ! #!# <*# <*gRt\tSu\u\uRt]~Qu\u]%u%S4v4SMuM\`vc]tvw]v]v]vTv]v]]w]w^'w+^@w@SOvOSevh]zvz]v^w^vSw_]w^w^ x ]x^-x1^HwK__wc^xwzSwSv]v^vXvXvSv\v\!v!]3v5]FvJ]Zu^]ruv\u]}WuRt[u[t[ u RvR%t(V6u6RFvFRNtQ\auaPrvrPu[u\u[uQuQv\u]u n'u n'uhDi<.#AgP'vLg'|QNQCZ,uTEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial~SKILLED REASONERSdw z        1 2L Oa c      d  d _o*JܳLQcSG_c_GmcmHzc|CbMcLcLdMdMcNdMdM0k3U=Z3U=Zfysuv|~~~~yyt~~~03~@?PP^^{~ux32222eC=kcfteC=3*e)dNJ#:vEnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial32are often unclear about the( assumptions they make.33MeNdNdMdNeDdIeNeN+e+M;e;NNeQNcefMxeyEdNdMeNdMdMdDdNdMcH!d!H/d/H<d?CQcSMecSMec|&'y02FI\^mm|{{|ww(*1*132222Ceedw1CeҪ ~a<m}CF:EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial/3[Are my assumptions clear to me?( Do I clearly understand what my( assumptions are based upon?\  \DbLbKbKcK0b2KGjGKRcRKcbeKubwKcKcKbKjGcCbKbKbK)c)K8c8LHbJBQcSLecfLvczLcFcFcKcKcLdLdEcEcwwww~/0u89~JM~]amnuuw~u~~  y~,/ADuWWueevzz58LMZ[dez|&(9:NN^^qs\[[[[Bjc u BGWQkA[T<EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial3Vmake assumptions that are( reasonable and justifiable( given the situation and( evidence.W Wh ! !! ! # ! ! " ! 5!7 K*KZ"[c!d x!z " ##"" ### # " /" /"h=uTt=T=T=T=T<S=T4U4T =T=(U(=9T<=NTP4cTc4nUn6y\|>U>U9U6U5U6T?V5V5U>V>Vfp{{hqppkkgppp "h)+k9;qMPp`bloqhxzqppqqhhgxxWVVVVh/*#h4\Ufgg f/hCW6D| ,t`EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial33often make unjustified or( unreasonable assumptions.44 #"$ # $ # # ,#/A#A R#R b#b u#x #+ # #"#"# "" #  4"6 D!6 D!?V?V?V?W@W@W@V@1V4?DVH7[V]7dVg@xVx?V@V?V?V?V>V>]9U7U>2U5>GUJ>ZU]NcU]NcU43333D+#7c]Vc]|;S>3RSS<cSf<uSw<S3S3S=T<S4S4\<T=S7$S$71S1=ETH=[T\=nTn<{T{=T=T=[=T=T5S=T= T =T=/T=/T$####3/\S#3/\3from the past?epook%%k35eHJo[[oiio~ppkggee3(Can I fully justify what I am taking for)))  ##11>=PS[]df||03DFSSaaiiww  !!,,97KMYMY)((((Y(Y3granted?   #$57JLYLY YYu3$Are my assumptions justifiable given%%%    23 H'HUU eg v y ' ++55B'E X Zi jy z       (    . 0 B0 B%$$$$B($B(T3"the evidence I am using to support###8S3S<S<S<"S"<6Q63=S@3SSU<fSi<{S~;S;R4S4R4S<S<S<S<S<,R/46S9<KSM<a[a7mSm7{S|<S<S<T=T=[=[=T<S8"T8"T#""""3"[S"3"[d3them?jfoo"%f2%f2f2f2Khtl.Zdbw\XF EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial35make assumptions that are( consistent with each other.66h58LM[]dfz| 00gx y         $ $C DK MZ \o o} }        " $1 / 5 / 5 65555h0g5  g5 SCTq\AT EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial$3.often make assumptions that( are contradictory.//.1CBTTbbsu$'55CCQTfhy||       " %1 1B DW Zb cu w        /....   i z |        i   i  E?h t EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArialg2hWhat assumptions am I making in this( situation? Are they justifiable?( Where did I get these assumptions?iF#i|  |     - - 9 9 J L \ ^ n q        }           0 3 P P} _ _} g g} v v    |  }      }  }     ( ( 6 8| K M} T V e V e            . 0 7 9 N P c e s s                     ) , > A Q R a b i l z x                    ! - , = = K K _ a i j ~ ~                     , . ? ? M M ^ ` p r                 $ & 4 & 4 ihhhh| e %  ! 4  "| e X ` _ o<%I@PR V EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial0Critical Thinking( by Paul/Elder  a z {                   ! # - / D G [ \ e h ~ ~ ! ~ ! b) wI v3 Q + I + I 3 J 3 J * I * M * I ) I ) )I +3 ?H @3 OI @3 OI a !  b) OQ I a Q x25֤8`\ R EnglishEnglishTimes New RomanArial0: 2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.( Upper Saddle River, Nj 07458;;j                 1 1 > > T T c c w y                 ! # - / 8 8 H H R T i k |     l' G / N / N / F / F ' F ' F / F & )G +& @G B' KF N0 aF a( oF o( F ' G 0 F 0 F 1 F > K ( G ( G ( M ( H + 2H 6* JH I+ `J b* uG x+ G x+ G ;::::j   l& N F j N F n*DZ      8 Pd|`$|.b|P Vb~bd ~n  z z p J x b f  x * uFR5S